World Health Organisation report finds stronger evidence on the health impacts of air pollution
Stronger European Union (EU) air pollution policies may be needed as the impacts of poor air quality on human health are worse than previously thought, according to a World Health Organisation (WHO) report.
Published on Wednesday (July 3), the WHO technical report ‘Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution — REVIHAAP Project’, looks at air pollution evidence collected since a previous version of the report was issued in 2005.
Map showing annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 in Europe in 2010 (red dots signify the highest levels of pollution) – the WHO review found particulate matter levels to have health impacts at lower concentrations that previously thought
Carried out by 60 international scientists, including air pollution scientists from King’s College London, the review collates information from eight years’ of epidemiological studies and forms part of the discussions in the EU’s review of its air quality policy, on which a report is due in September (see airqualitynews.com story).
According to the review, diabetes has been added to the existing list of respiratory and heart disease effects in adults from air pollution, while evidence has also shown additional links between asthma and long-term exposure to poor air.
Furthermore, air pollution has been found to impact on neurodevelopment and cognitive functions in children, as well as babies born to pollution-exposed mothers.
The effects of air pollution can also be worse during very hot periods of the summer, which is also associated with climate change in Europe.
Scientists reviewed evidence on a number of harmful air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5, ozone, sulphur dioxide and others.
The review found further evidence that long and short-term exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide can damage health at lower levels of exposure than previous evidence in the 2005 WHO review found.
It suggests that WHO’s own air quality guidelines for nitrogen dioxide, which are generally stricter than EU legal limits, should therefore be updated.
According to the report: “The results of these new studies provide support for updating the 2005 global update of the WHO air quality guidelines (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006) for NO2.”
Wake-up call
Anne Stauffer, deputy director at non-profit European organisation the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), said the review’s findings were a “wake-up call for decision-makers in Europe to take the air pollution problem more seriously”.
She added: “The new findings show effects at lower concentration levels and associations with new conditions, such as diabetes, adverse birth outcomes and cognitive development. They provide evidence-based science that EU policies are inadequate.”
UK government
UK lawyer at campaign group ClientEarth, Alan Andrews, said the WHO report showed that the UK was “on the wrong side of the law and on the wrong side of the science” and that it also proved current EU air quality laws needed to be “significantly tightened”.
His comments come after the UK Supreme Court ruled in May that the government was failing in its legal duty to tackle air pollution (see airqualitynews.com story).
He said: “The Supreme Court has already ruled that the government is failing in its legal duty to meet EU air quality standards, and now the WHO is telling us that even those standards need to be much stricter to protect our health. What more will it take?”
Mr Andrews said the UK government needed to act urgently to tackle this “public health crisis” and “uphold our right to clean air”.
He added: “The government needs to act at home to tackle carcinogenic diesel fumes, by far the biggest source of pollution, and work with the EU to make sure it delivers laws which adequately protect our health.”
The REVIHAAP report is available on the WHO website.
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[…] Air Quality News Fri 05 Jul 2013 Europe should review air pollution laws, say UN scientists Stronger European Union (EU) air pollution policies may be needed as the impacts of poor air quality […]
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The WHO report states: “There is a need to revise the current WHO air quality guidelines for PM10 and PM2.5 (10 g/m3, annual average; and 25 g/m3, 24-hour average, 99th percentile). At the moment, there is a considerable gap between the WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 (10 g/m3, annual average) … and the EU limit value to be met in 2015 (25 g/m3, annual average) and the EU Stage 2 indicative limit value (20 g/m3). “It is of the **utmost importance** to reduce emissions from vehicles and from combustion of liquid and solid fuels, including non-road mobile machinery and biomass burning.â€
The WHO report is somewhat less emphatic about NO2:†Depending on the outcome of any revision of the WHO air quality guidelines for NO2, there could then also be a case for the EU to consider revising the Directive limit values.â€
This makes sense, given research showing that in Europe, 4.9 million life years lost, or 492,000 premature deaths from PM2.5, and 21,000 premature deaths from ozone.[1] Most people would conclude that reducing PM2.5 should be the top priority.
More importantly, several studies several suggest that biomass burning is a more significant source of PM2.5 than traffic, e.g. PM2.5 from organic carbon averaged 12.3 ug/m3 in winter and 3.47 in summer. Elemental carbon was 1.8 in winter and 0.6 in summer. Fossil fuels were the main source of elemental carbon, and biomass burning the main source of organic carbon in winter.[2]
Perhaps these issues could be considered in more detail by Air Quality News – would more lives be saved for equivalent costs by reducing biomass smoke (which can often be accomplished quite cheaply) or vehicle emissions?
References:
1. Assessment of the health impacts of exposure to PM2.5 at a European level. http://acm.eionet.europa.eu/reports/ETCACC_TP_2009_1_European_PM2.5_HIA
2. Gelencsér, A., et al., Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007. 112(D23): p. D23S04.